Year of start of vaccine manufacturing units in India

Table IV. Year of start of vaccine manufacturing units in India year                                Milestone 1832-1890                Sporadic research in various setups for development of smallpox vaccine lymph in India 1890                         Laboratory in Shillong started producing smallpox vaccine lymph 1897                      Plague vaccine produced by Dr Haffkine in makeshift laboratory of 2 rooms in Grants Medical College,  Bombay (Mumbai) 1899                         Plague Laboratory, Bombay; later on named as Haffkine Institute (1925) Mumbai 1904/05                    Central Research Institute, Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh 1907                        Pasteur Institute of India, Coonoor, Tamil Nadu 1910-1930                 Additional vaccine institutes established in India, majority of producing smallpox vaccine 1948                        BCG Laboratory, Guindy, Madras 1952                                 Zydus Cadila, 1953                                 Biological E Ltd. 1966                        Serum Institute of India Ltd. 1982                         Indian Immunological Limited 1988                                 Panacea Biotec 1989                                 IVCOL and BIBCOL 1992                         Shantha Biotechnic Ltd. 1996                        Bharat Biotech Ltd. 2008                        Green Bio-pharma Ltd. *This is an indicative list only ** As per the information collected from the officials websites of the manufacturing units serum institutes for India: www.seruminstitute.com;

Major milestones in vaccine developments and licensing in India

Table III. Major milestones in vaccine developments and licensing in India year 1893                   Efficacy trials on cholera vaccine conducted in Agra, India 1897                   First plague vaccine discovered by Dr Haffkine 1904/1905        First vaccine research institute established at Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh 1907                 Pasteur Institute of India, Coonoor, manufactured neural tissue anti-rabies vaccine 1920-1939          DPT, DT and TT vaccine became available in the country 1940                  Drug and Cosmetics Act enacted 1948                   BCG vaccine laboratory set up in Guindy, near Madras (Chennai) 1951                  Liquid BCG vaccine became available in India as part of mass campaigns 1965                  Live attenuated freeze dried smallpox vaccine became available 1967                   Freeze dried BCG vaccine became available OPV became available in India 1970                  The first time in India indigenous Oral Polio Vaccine Trivalent (Sabin) was developed and produced 1980s                Indigenous measles vaccine production started 1984                  Inactivated polio vaccine first produced in India (later on production stopped) 1985/1988        AEFI surveillance system established and initial guidelines were released 1989                 Indian Vaccine Company Limited (IVCOL) and Bharat Immunological and Biological Limited (BIBCOL)  were set up as public private joint venture companies 1997                   First ever recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine developed in India 2006                    Guidelines for clinical trials by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) 2009                         Three Indian manufacturers developed pandemic flu (Novel H1N1: 2009) vaccine 2010                         National Pharmacovigilance Programme of India launched Meningitis A vaccine for African Meningitis Belt licensed and successfully used in campaigns in Africa Indigenously researched bivalent oral cholera vaccine developed and licensed in the country 2012                   An indigenous ‘inactivated JE vaccine’ licensed in the country. Indian manufacturer acquired capacity to produce inactivated polio vaccine DPT, Diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus; DT, diphtheria and tetanus; TT, tetanus toxid; OPV, oral polio vaccine

Timeline of vaccination efforts in India (Ancient time - till 1977)

Table II. Timeline of vaccination efforts in India (Ancient time - till 1977)   Ancient time                                                                              Smallpox known to the people   3000 BC                   -                                                                                      Smallpox is believed to have originated from India or Egypt   300 BC                     -                                                                                      Description of smallpox in Sanskrit literature 910 AD                     Smallpox was differentiated from Measles by Abu Bakr    1000 AD                   Inoculation documented from China                             Inoculation was reportedly practiced in India also    1545 AD                                                                                                          Major smallpox outbreak reported from Goa, India   1600                                                                                                                Documented evidences of practice of inoculation (variolation) from India   1767                                                                                                                 Dr Holwell gave a description of practice of inoculation in India to College of Physicians in London.   1774                        Benjamin Jesty did experiment on his wife and two children by injecting cow-pox matter. 1796                         Edward Jenner conducted the famous observation on milk-maids. 1798                         Jenner’s observations were published and smallpox vaccine was discovered   1802                                                                                                                First documented smallpox vaccination was done in India   1804                                                                                                                The practice of inoculation was banned in some provinces of India 1810                         Gennaro Galbiati, an Italian physician, used cows for vaccine production   1820s                                                                                                               Vaccination continued to increase in India specially Bombay and Bengal presidency   1830s-50s                                                                                                        Some initial research on smallpox vaccine conducted in India   1850s                                                                                                              Initial resistance to smallpox vaccination due to multiple reasons   1870                          Animal vaccine production in USA   1876                          First vaccine farm in Lakeview, New Jersey, USA 1879                         First laboratory vaccine produced by Louis Pasteur for Chicken Cholera   1890                                                                                                                First animal vaccine depot was set up in Shillong 1892                                                                                                                                                                         Compulsory Vaccination Act passed by Government of India 1893                                                                                                                                                                         Cholera vaccine trial conducted in Agra, India 1896                                                                                                                                                                         Epidemic Act was passed in the wake of plague epidemic in India 1897                                                                                                                                                                         First plague vaccine was developed by Dr Haffkine in Laboratory, in Bombay (now Mumbai) 1898                                                                                                                                                                         Initial stringent regulations for vaccine production released 1899                                                                                                                                                                         Plague Laboratory was set up in Bombay (Later on in 1925, named as Haffkine Institute)

1902                                                                                                                  A few deaths were reported after plague vaccination in Punjab Province of India, major set-back to plague vaccination and the reputation of Haffkine (years later, deaths were found due to programmatic errors). 1904-1908                                                                                                        Typhoid vaccine trial was done on British Army officials posted to India (and Egypt also) 1909                          Lucien Camus develop first air dried smallpox vaccine in Paris 1910-1930                                                                                                           A number of vaccine institutes set up in different provinces of the country 1948                                                                                                                    BCG Laboratory in Guindy, Madras (now Chennai) set up BCG vaccination was started at pilot level 1951                                                                                                                 BCG mass campaigns were started in India 1958                         World Health Assembly passed a resolution to eradicate smallpox 1962                                                                                                                  National Smallpox Eradication Programme launched National Tuberculosis Control Programme started with BCG vaccine being offered to the people 1974                                                                                                                                                                         WHO announces Expanded Programme for Immunization 1975                                                                                                                                                                         Last case of smallpox was reported 1977                          Last case of smallpox was reported from the world        India declared smallpox free